Generator

The same field, sampled as arrows

One function in the fields library, called 35 times across 6 essays. Below: what it draws at its defaults, what it draws at every branch an essay asks for, whether the site's own gate puts a claim to it, and everywhere it is called.

At its defaults it draws the same field, sampled as arrows. The field at a grid of points, each arrow pointing the way a positive test charge would be pushed and scaled by the strength there.

vector-field is one function in lib/figures/fields.js — charge, current, flux and the lines drawn between them. Everything below came out of it during this build, at parameters taken from the essays rather than invented for this page. A figure here is the figure a reader meets in an essay, and if the generator changes, this page changes with it.

At its defaults

Drawn even though every essay passes options, because a default nothing exercises is a trap for the next essay to call this with none — which has happened here twice.

The same field, sampled as arrows. The field at a grid of points, each arrow pointing the way a positive test charge would be pushed and scaled by the strength there.

The field at a grid of points, each arrow pointing the way a positive test charge would be pushed and scaled by the strength there.

The field of a dipole

The options are the ones Field lines are a choice, not a discovery passes. A branch drawn at its own defaults instead would be a picture no essay asked for and no assertion has been run against.

The field of a dipole. Field lines traced from a positive charge toward a negative one. Every line does eventually close on the negative charge, but the outer ones loop far outside any frame, so this picture is a crop rather than the whole field.

Field lines traced from a positive charge toward a negative one. Every line does eventually close on the negative charge, but the outer ones loop far outside any frame, so this picture is a crop rather than the whole field.

The same field, sampled as arrows

The options are the ones Field lines are a choice, not a discovery passes. A branch drawn at its own defaults instead would be a picture no essay asked for and no assertion has been run against.

The same field, sampled as arrows. The field at a grid of points, each arrow pointing the way a positive test charge would be pushed and scaled by the strength there.

The field at a grid of points, each arrow pointing the way a positive test charge would be pushed and scaled by the strength there.

The field of a single charge

The options are the ones Field lines are a choice, not a discovery passes. A branch drawn at its own defaults instead would be a picture no essay asked for and no assertion has been run against.

The field of a single charge. Field lines radiating from one positive charge, straight and evenly spread.

Field lines radiating from one positive charge, straight and evenly spread.

The field of two like charges

The options are the ones Field lines are a choice, not a discovery passes. A branch drawn at its own defaults instead would be a picture no essay asked for and no assertion has been run against.

The field of two like charges. Field lines from two positive charges. None connects them; between them is a point where the field vanishes entirely.

Field lines from two positive charges. None connects them; between them is a point where the field vanishes entirely.

Every stationary point has a way out

The options are the ones Nothing can be held still by a static field passes. A branch drawn at its own defaults instead would be a picture no essay asked for and no assertion has been run against.

Every stationary point has a way out. The potential along four lines through the most symmetric point of a symmetric arrangement of 4 equal charges at the corners of a square — the one place a trap might be expected. In the plane of the square the potential rises in every direction; out of the plane it falls. The point is stationary and it is a saddle, which is what Laplace's equation forces: the three second derivatives must sum to zero — computed here as 1.4e-5 against the individual values of order 2e+0 — so if two of them are positive the third must be negative. A particle released here rolls away along the direction that falls. No amount of ingenuity in placing the charges changes this, because the constraint is on the equation rather than on the arrangement, and it is why every real trap for a charged particle either uses time-varying fields, or a magnetic field with a velocity, or a material with a negative response.

The potential along four lines through the most symmetric point of a symmetric arrangement of 4 equal charges at the corners of a square — the one place a trap might be expected. In the plane of the square the potential rises in every direction; out of the plane it falls. The point is stationary and it is a saddle, which is what Laplace's equation forces: the three second derivatives must sum to zero — computed here as 1.4e-5 against the individual values of order 2e+0 — so if two of them are positive the third must be negative. A particle released here rolls away along the direction that falls. No amount of ingenuity in placing the charges changes this, because the constraint is on the equation rather than on the arrangement, and it is why every real trap for a charged particle either uses time-varying fields, or a magnetic field with a velocity, or a material with a negative response.

What checks it

physicscheck does not draw vector-field at all. Its figures are checked for overflow, contrast, legibility and markup by the shared gates and for nothing about the physics — a debt recorded in _plan/PHASE_PLAN.md since the scale phase, published here so it is visible from the site rather than only from the gate.

Across the library: 100 interrogated, 2 exercised only, 1 untouched, of 103. Read out of the gate's source by the gate's own two patterns — and the gate's last claim fails the build if that read disagrees with what it was handed while running.

Where it is called

Changing this generator changes every figure on this list. That is what makes the list worth publishing rather than keeping in a check script.

Electromagnetism

Field lines are a choice, not a discovery

Nothing in space is arranged in lines. The lines are a drawing convention — and an unusually good one, because three separate facts about the field survive the translation.

Electromagnetism

Nothing can be held still by a static field

However many charges are arranged, however cleverly, a charge placed among them has somewhere to fall. The reason is one line of arithmetic — the potential in empty space satisfies Laplace's equation, and a solution of that equation has no interior maximum or minimum — and the consequence is that every real trap for a charged particle works by breaking one of the assumptions rather than by being cleverer.

Electromagnetism

One number for every point, and nothing at all is lost

The electric field is three numbers at every point of space. Replacing it with one number loses nothing — and the reason it loses nothing is the same reason a hill can be drawn as a contour map.

Electromagnetism

The attraction that needs no charge

Gauss's law says nothing comes out of a neutral molecule, and yet water's field one nanometre away reaches 1.1 × 10⁸ V/m. What survives when the monopole vanishes is a separation, and every step down the tower of falloffs below it is paid for with one more order of cancellation.

Electromagnetism

The field before the lines were drawn on it

A field is a vector attached to every point of space. Drawing it as arrows on a grid is honest and ugly; drawing it as lines is beautiful and throws information away.

Electromagnetism

The potential is where the wanderers stop

Start a random walker at a point between charged conductors and let it wander until it touches one of them. The average potential of the surfaces the walkers touch is the potential at the starting point — exactly, with no equation solved — and the charge a conductor keeps at each place on its surface is the chance that a walker arriving from far away touches it there first.

The whole library · All essays